In a meta-analysis of randomized studies evaluating efforts to reduce re-intubations and respiratory failure in preterm infants, non-invasive respiratory support and use of methylxanthines (theophylline, caffeine) were found to be beneficial. Chest physiotherapy was also associated with lower risk extubation failure, but had adverse effects. Doxapram and corticosteroids did not have significant effect on extubation failure.

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