Once considered a rare condition, eosinophilic esophagitis is now one of the most common conditions diagnosed during the assessment of feeding problems in children and during the evaluation of dysphagia and food impaction in adults.

The entity exists worldwide but has been most extensively studied in Western countries, where its prevalence has been estimated to be 0.4% among all children and adults.

Whether eosinophilic esophagitis is truly a new disease or simply a recently recognized one is uncertain.

In this review, we consider the diagnostic criteria, pathophysiological and clinical features, and treatment of this increasingly prevalent disease.

Since the initial description of eosinophilic esophagitis in case series more than 20 years ago, interest in it has burgeoned, and there is now a greater awareness of the clinical features, basic mechanisms, and effective therapeutic options.

The advent of molecular characterizations and diagnostics will lead to the determination of new therapeutic strategies.

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