Cardiac surgery has been evolving to include minimally invasive, hybrid and transcatheter techniques. Increas‑ing patient age and medical complexity means that critical care management needs to adapt and evolve. Recent advances have occurred in several areas, including ventilation, haemodynamics and mechanical circulatory support, bleeding and coagulation, acute kidney injury, and neurological management. This narrative review describes stand‑ard care, recent advances, and future areas of research in the critical care management of patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

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