Coagulopathy and alveolar epithelial injury were observed in both patients with direct common risk factors (dARDS) and with idiopathic or immune-related diseases (iARDS). However, their biomarker profiles were significantly different between the two groups.

The different patterns of PAI-1, PC activity, SP-D, and KL-6 may help in differentiating between these acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) subtypes.

Among 138 eligible patients with ARDS, 51 were excluded based on the exclusion criteria (n = 41) or other causes of ARDS (n = 10). Of the remaining 87 patients, 56 were identified as having dARDS and 31 as having iARDS.

This retrospective, observational study included adult patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) at a university hospital with a diagnosis of ARDS with no indirect risk factors.

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