Nonventilated hospital-acquired pneumonia (NV-HAP) poses several barriers for diagnosis compared with VAP, and the available knowledge is limited.

A call for further research in diagnosis of nonventilated HAP is urgent.

NV-HAP is emerging as a new challenge for clinicians, particularly because VAP incidence has been decreasing.

The clinical diagnosis of NV-HAP uses the classical clinical symptoms and signs.

However standard evaluation of their accuracy and the evaluation of new criterion (e.g. lung ultrasound) must be conducted particularly in NV-HAP patients.

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