This nested case control study shows that early use of antiviral agents and non-invasive oxygen supplementation leads to decreased susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections.

On the other hand, use of antibiotics as well as late use of antivirals remains futile in reducing the risk of secondary bacterial infections.

study was performed in three hospitals in China, which should counter any hospital specific bias.

Further, the COVID-19 treatment is standardized across China, further limiting any variability. Despite that, we acknowledge that further studies are needed at larger scale within China and outside China to confirm these findings.

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