Among critically ill immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF), high-flow oxygen therapy did not significantly decrease day-28 mortality compared with standard oxygen therapy. Of 778 randomized patients (median age, 64 [IQR, 54-71] years; 259 [33.3%] women), 776 (99.7%) completed the trial. The primary outcome was day-28 mortality. Secondary outcomes included intubation and mechanical ventilation by day 28, Pao2:Fio2 ratio over the 3 days after intubation, respiratory rate, ICU and hospital lengths of stay, ICU-acquired infections, and patient comfort and dyspnea. Among immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory failure, high-flow oxygen therapy did not significantly reduce mortality compared with standard oxygen therapy.

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