Using a mixed-method approach involving literature review and an in-person consensus by experts, a set of recommendations designed to assist clinicians managing traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients using nICP systems plus clinical assessment, in the presence or absence of brain imaging, were built.

Further clinical studies are required to validate the potential use of these recommendations in the daily clinical practice.

A total of 34 recommendations were provided (32 Strong, 2 Weak) divided into three domains: general consideration for nICP use, management of ICP using nICP methods and thresholds of nICP tools for escalating/de-escalating treatment.

We developed four clinical algorithms for escalating treatment and heatmaps for de-escalating treatment.

A panel of 41 experts, that regularly use nICP systems for guiding TBI care, was established.

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