Based on our findings, we observed that age ≥50 years, diabetes mellitus, and severe hypoxemia on admission (SpO2 <88%) were significantly associated with an increased risk of developing OP/AFOP in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Furthermore, we found that patients with COVID-19 pneumonia who developed OP/AFOP had a higher mortality rate at 90 days. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor COVID-19 pneumonia patients with these risk factors closely. Early detection of OP/AFOP can provide tangible benefits in terms of timely treatment and prevention of its complications. This retrospective study aimed to identify risk factors associated with OP/AFOP in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and to compare clinical outcomes between patients with and without OP/AFOP. The study included hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia admitted between July 1 and September 30, 2021.

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