Targeted immunomodulation is a topic that gained wide interest from translational researchers in the past decades, yet immunomodulatory drugs were not frequently administered to intensive care patients.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in the first widespread use of the single target immunomodulators tocilizumab, an interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor blocking antibody, and baricitinib, an inhibitor of janus kinase (JAK), and may have opened the doors for other immunomodulatory treatments in critically ill patients.

In this manuscript, we provide a short introduction on targeted immunomodulation for intensivists.

We will try to answer the most common questions that intensivists encountering this topic may have.

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