Brain injury is frequent in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients, although the majority of survivors have favorable neurocognitive outcomes.

More research is needed in order to understand the etiology of such injuries.

Head ultrasound and clinician suspicion are not sensitive in detecting extracorporeal membrane oxygenation–related brain injuries.

Protocolizing postextracorporeal membrane oxygenation imaging with brain MRI allows the identification of injuries and provision of timely neurocognitive intervention.

Occurrence of brain injury on CT and MRI was reviewed; injuries were scored.

Clinical and laboratory results associated with injury were identified.

Survivor neurocognitive outcomes were obtained using the Pediatric Overall Performance Category scale and Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category scale.

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