Volume therapy can be managed according to the fluid balance method, the outcome-guided method, or the goal-directed method. One reason why fluid is needed is that anesthesia disrupts the normal autonomic control of the circulation, whereby redistribution of blood flows may cause local ischemia. General adverse effects of fluid infusion include acute hemodynamic overload, hypothermia, and dilution coagulopathy. Although peripheral edema is caused by both crystalloid and colloid fluids, they have different pathophysiologies and time spans.

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