Three distinct lymphocyte trajectories were identified in sepsis patients using GBTM. Trajectory 3 was a strong predictor of 7-day and 28-day mortality, while Trajectory 1 was associated with early death.

These findings might support the development of more personalized management strategies for sepsis.

Future prospective studies could focus on investigating the efficacy of targeted immune therapy on different trajectories to better understand potential interactions between immune therapy and sepsis subgroups.

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