Participants randomized to external forced-air warming did not have a difference in HLA-DR expression or IFN-γ production. In this pilot study, however, 28-day mortality was lower in the intervention group.

Future research should seek to better elucidate the impact of temperature modulation on immune and nonimmune organ failure pathways in sepsis.

We enrolled 56 participants in the study. No differences were observed between the groups in HLA-DR expression (692 vs 2,002; p = 0.396) or IFN-γ production.

Participants allocated to external warming had lower 28-day mortality and more 28-day hospital-free days.

External warming using a forced-air warming blanket for 48 hours, with a goal temperature 1.5°C above the lowest temperature documented in the previous 24 hours.

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